Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau yog ib qho system, tsis yog ib qho kev sau ntawm qhov chaw. Txhua yam khoom siv ua haujlwm nrog lwm tus: txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau nqa lub log load, lub fastening restrains nws, lub sleeper kis tau tus quab yuam, ballast drains thiab faib nws, thiab subgrade txhawb txhua yam. Kev nkag siab txog txhua qhov thiab nws cuam tshuam li cas yog lub hauv paus rau kev qhia cov khoom hloov pauv uas haum thiab ua tau zoo. Kab lus no piav qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, lawv qhov sib txawv thiab cov qauv hauv qab lawv.
1. Rails
Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau muab qhov chaw khiav, faib cov log tsheb, thiab, ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob thiab cov teeb liab, ua cov traction tam sim no thiab cov kab hluav taws xob. Rails raug cais los ntawm pawg ib 'meter' thiab tus qauv tsev neeg: hnyav rails ntawm 38 kg / m txog 75 kg / m ua raws li GB / T 2585 los yog thoob ntiaj teb profiles xws li UIC 864, EN 13674-1, AREMA (piv txwv li 115RE thiab 132RE) thiab 5 BSR 11 (BS 70); Lub teeb ntsia ntawm 8 kg / m txog 30 kg / m ua raws li GB / T 11264. Crane rails nrog lub taub hau dav dav (QU70 txog QU120) tsim ib tsev neeg sib cais rau cov log cranes. Rail steel qib, piv txwv li U71Mn thiab U75V, raug xaiv rau hnav tsis kam, weldability thiab qis-kub toughness nyob ntawm kev khiav tsheb thiab kev nyab xeeb.
2. Pw tsaug zog thiab Ballast
Cov neeg pw tsaug zog tuav lub ntsuas ntsuas, kis lub log load los ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau mus rau lub ballast, thiab thauj tog rau nkoj fastening system. Peb tsev neeg yog:
Cov ntoo pw tsaug zog: lub teeb, yooj yim los tuav, zoo hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev; siv nyob rau hauv ob kab, txuas hniav thiab ib ntus khiav. Fastened nrog dev spikes, ntsia hlau spikes los yog clips nrog khi daim hlau.
Pob zeb pw tsaug zog: hnyav, dimensionally ruaj khov, lub neej ntev; txheem ntawm mainlines thiab siab - kab ceev. Yuav tsum tau ntsia hlau spikes rau hauv cov yas dowels, los yog elastic clip systems, tsis txhob rauj -tsav spikes.
Steel pw tsaug zog: muaj zog, lub teeb txheeb ze rau pob zeb, muaj nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb daim ntaub ntawv thiab ib co hnyav -haul kab; xav tau insulated fastening Cheebtsam rau khiav circuits.
Ballast yog cov pob zeb crushed hauv qab thiab ib ncig ntawm cov neeg pw tsaug zog. Nws faib cov pw tsaug zog siab mus rau qhov subgrade, tso dej tawm ntawm txoj kev, tiv thaiv kev txav mus rau sab thiab ntev, thiab tso cai rau rov ua dua - surfacing los ntawm tamping. Ballast zoo yog txhais los ntawm hom pob zeb, grading, particle zoo thiab tsis kam rau crushing; taug qab nrog cov neeg tsis zoo los yog cov kab mob tsis zoo tuaj yeem poob geometry sai, uas yog vim li cas ballast tu yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm tshiab tshiab.
3. Fastening System
Lub fastening system kho txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau mus rau tus neeg pw tsaug zog thiab tswj txoj kev ntsug, sab nraub qaum thiab longitudinal restraint. Nws cov khoom tseem ceeb yog:
Rail clips los yog clamps: elastic cov ntsiab lus uas nias lub tsheb ciav hlau ko taw down, absorbing vibration (piv txwv li lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav clip sib dhos ntawm cov pob zeb pw).
Rail pads: elastic pads ntawm rail ko taw thiab pw tsaug zog los yog baseplate uas cushion cuam tshuam, damp suab nrov thiab insulate khiav circuits.
Baseplates (cov ntawv khi): faib cov clamping load rau saum lub txaj pw thiab muab cov rooj zaum kom raug.
Lub xub pwg nyom thiab inserts: cam khwb cia los yog forged ntsiab embedded nyob rau hauv lub pw tsaug zog uas thauj tog rau nkoj clip.
Rail bolts thiab fishplates: txuas rail xaus ntawm bolted pob qij txha; fishplates yog drilled rau lub tsheb ciav hlau qhov qauv thiab clamped los ntawm ntses bolts nrog caij nplooj ntoos hlav washers.
Screw spikes thiab aub spikes: kho lub tsheb ciav hlau lossis baseplate rau cov ntoo pw; ntsia hlau spikes nrog yas dowels yog siv rau cov pob zeb pw tsaug zog.
Anti- cov khoom nkag nkag: cov tsheb ciav hlau thauj tog rau nkoj thiab cov clips uas tiv thaiv kev tsheb ciav hlau ntev ntev tiv thaiv cov neeg pw tsaug zog.
4. Substructure thiab cov khoom tshwj xeeb
Hauv qab lub ballast, lub subgrade los yog tsim yog nqa tag nrho cov khiav. Kev tso dej kom zoo, compaction thiab, nyob rau hauv av tsis zoo, txheej tiv thaiv yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv khiav. Cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb:
Kev sib tw thiab kev hla: kev txav mus los uas khiav tsheb ciav hlau ntawm kab; lawv siv cov ntsia hlau tshwj xeeb, hloov cov hniav, cov tshuab taw tes thiab cov khoom siv fastening.
Cov pob qij txha nthuav dav: tso cai rau kev tswj xyuas thermal txav ntawm cov txuas hniav thiab cov ntu ntev welded rail.
Qib hla: txoj kev -rail interfaces nrog panels, ntug kab teeb thiab fastenings uas ua rau txoj kev tsheb.
Tsis nres thiab tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv- cov neeg nce toj: kawg- ntawm - cov khoom siv kev nyab xeeb.
5. Cov txheej txheem thiab kev qhia tshwj xeeb
Qhia txhua yam tiv thaiv nws tus qauv: ntsia rau GB / T 2585 lossis GB / T 11264, fastening system kev ua tau zoo rau EN 13481 (nrog rau kev sim hauv EN 13146), rail pads rau TB / T 2626 tsev neeg hauv Suav teb lossis cov qauv sib npaug, thiab qib steel 70 GBT / 9 1222 rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel. Thaum txiav txim hloov, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau, hom pw tsaug zog thiab tsev neeg fastening yuav tsum sib phim; ib qho clip ua rau UIC60 yuav tsis clamp ib GB 60 kg / m rail kom raug, thiab cov ntaub qhwv me me rau ntawm txoj kab tsheb ciav hlau dav dav thiab cov geometry fastening.
FAQ
Q1: Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv khiav?
Tsis muaj ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: lub tsheb ciav hlau tsis muaj zog, lub ncoo ua tsis tiav, ib qho xoob xoob lossis cov kab mob sib kis txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv nws txoj kev. Lub kaw lus fastening feem ntau yog qhov kev saib xyuas ntau tshaj -sensitive, vim nws tsuas yog ib feem uas yuav tsum tau rov nruj dua thiab rov ua dua tshiab.
Q2: Vim li cas rail pads xav tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau?
Pads cushion qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab cov neeg pw tsaug zog, faib cov khoom thauj, kev co thiab suab nrov, thiab muab hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev rau cov kab hluav taws xob. Yog tsis muaj cov ntaub qhwv, cov pob zeb pw tsaug zog tawg ntawm lub rooj zaum tsheb ciav hlau thiab cov suab nrov nce siab.
Q3: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm aub spikes thiab ntsia hlau spikes?
Aub spikes yog hammered rau hauv ntoo pw tsaug zog thiab pheej yig thiab ceev; ntsia hlau spikes yog tig mus rau hauv pre-drilled qhov thiab muab ntau dua rub- tawm tsis kam, uas yog vim li cas cov pob zeb pw tsaug zog siv cov ntsia hlau spikes nrog yas dowels.
Q4: Puas yog tag nrho cov lem xav tau ballast?
Ballasted khiav yog tus qauv rau feem ntau cov kab. Ballastless (slab) khiav yog siv rau ntau qhov siab - cov kab ceev thiab hauv qhov tunnels, qhov twg txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau txuas ncaj qha mus rau lub pob zeb pob zeb; lub fastening system ces muab cov elasticity uas ballast ib txwm muab.
Q5: Vim li cas rail xaus xav tau ntses thiab bolts?
Qhov twg cov ntsia hlau tsis tau welded, qhov sib koom ua ke yuav tsum tseem xa cov bending thiab shear. Fishplates clamps ob lub tsheb ciav hlau xaus thiab ua kom lawv sib haum, thaum ntses bolts clamp lub rooj sib txoos; qhov sib koom ua ke kuj tso cai rau thermal expansion. Niaj hnub nimno mainlines nyiam cov pob qij txha welded, tab sis cov pob qij txha bolted tseem nyob ntawm cov kab thib ob, txuas hniav thiab kev sib tw.
Q6: Kuv yuav ua li cas thiaj paub tias qhov twg fastening haum rau kuv txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau?
Tshawb xyuas peb yam: cov kab tsheb ciav hlau thiab tus qauv, hom pw tsaug zog (ntoo, pob zeb lossis hlau), thiab cov chav kawm ua haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau ua (ceev ceev thiab qag load). Txhua tsev neeg fastening yog tsim los rau ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke, thiab cov tsev neeg sib xyaw ua rau xoob xoob, cov ntaub qhwv tawg thiab ntsuas qhov yuam kev.